- Adjectives and Adverbs

I. ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word which modifies a noun. Adjectives are used before nouns and after a
linking verbs such as be (am, is, are, was, were) look, get, become, go, taste, smell, remain, sound, keep, grow, turn, seem, appear.

Examples:

- Tom is a diligent student. (before noun, student)
- Be careful, please. (after linking verb be)
- She is beautiful. (after linking verb, be (is))
- I feel happy. (after linking verb, feel)
- The dinner smells good. (after linking verb, smell)
- Your friend seems very nice. (after linking verb, seem)

II. ADVERB

An adverb tells us more about a verb. We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs.
many adverbs are made from an adjective + -ly:

adjective : quick serious careful quiet heavy bad
adverb : quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly

Examples:

- Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. (not ‘drove careful’)
- Speak quietly, please! (not ‘speak quiet”)
- We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily. (not ‘raining heavy’)
- The examination was surprisingly easy. (adverb + adjective )
- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. ( adverb + adjective)
- Mary learns languages incredibly quickly. (adverb + adverb)

NOTE: NOT ALL WORDS ENDING IN -LY ARE ADVERBS. SOME ADJECTIVES END IN -LY.

Examples: friendly, lively, elderly lonely, silly, lovely.

Compare!

- Your English is very good. (adjective)
You speak English well. (adverb)

- Susan is a good pianist. (adjective)
She plays the piano well. (adverb)

- Jack is a very fast runner. (adjective)
Jack can run very fast. (adverb)

- Ann is a hard worker. (adjective)
Ann works hard. (adverb) , not ‘works hardly’)

- The train was late. (adjective)
I got up late this morning. (adverb)

The adverb lately = recently.

Example:
- Have you seen Tom lately.

- Kaplan TOEFL iBT with CD-ROM 2008-2009 (Kaplan Toefl Ibt) (Paperback)

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Includes:

-4 practice tests on CD-ROM in iBT format

-Audio CD and transcripts of authentic-language conversations for listening comprehension

-8 comprehensive chapters of reading, writing, listening, and speaking practice

-Hundreds of strategies for answering integrated skills questions

About the Author
Kaplan Publishing is one of the nation's top publishers of academic and professional development resources. We publish titles on topics such as test preparation, college and graduate school admissions, academic and career development in the legal, medical, education, and general business fields. Kaplan Publishing is the leading provider of test prep materials for a variety of standardized tests, including the GRE, GMAT, LSAT, SAT, PSAT, MCAT, TOEFL, and more.

- Kaplan TOEFL iBT with CD-ROM 2008-2009 (Kaplan Toefl Ibt)

TOEFL (Test of English as A Foreign Language)is the standard English-Language test in the world. The TOEFL score showing in the official certificate is used as the requirement to study abroad. This test consists of three parts namely
* Listening Comprehension
* Structure and Written Expression
* Reading Comprehension
The TOEFL test measures your ability to communicate in English in colleges and universities. You can take the test as an Internet-based Test (iBT) or a paper-based test (PBT), depending on which format is offered at your test center.

To prepare for the Test, The books which contains the examples of the questions and the discussion of the answer are necessary to be owned by the test takers. Kaplan TOEFL iBT with CD-ROM 2008-2009 (Kaplan Toefl Ibt)is an alternative book which can help the test takers to achieve the best result.

- English Writing Courses : How to Write English Simple Sentences

English Writing Courses: writing English simple sentences.

The topic in this series of English Writing Courses is writing English simple sentences. In English language, a sentence must have at least a subject an a verb. This is a particular character of English sentences. That is why in the English nominal sentence (the sentence which does not have a verb) the characteristic must be applied. English has the so called Auxiliary Verb (the helping verb, ). The auxiliary verb be (am, is, are, was, were) is used to fulfill the requirement that English sentences must have at least subject and verb. The other languages do not always have such a characteristic. Indonesian language, for example, does not have auxiliary verb. Compare the following English simple sentence and Indonesian simple sentence.

1. My father is a teacher.
--Ayahku seorang guru.

2. John is happy.
-- John bahagia.

3. My friends are in my house.
--> Temanku di rumahku.

Referreing to the examples above, Indonesian learners learning English often make the wrong English sentences as follows:

1. *My father a teacher.

2. *John happy.

3. *My friends in my house.


The wrong English sentences made by Indonesian learners above are influenced by the stcructure of indonesian language which does not need auxiliary be. The wrong sentences above are paralel to the following Indonesian sentences :

1. Ayahku seorang guru.
1. *My father a teacher.

2. John bahagia.
2. *John happy.

3. Temanku di rumahku.
3. *My friends in my house.

Online English Courses : - The Answer Key of the Exercise of Double Comparatives

This series of Online English courses presents the answer key of the exercises of double comparatives. The questions are in other page of this site.

Exercise:
- Translate into English

01. Semakin dalam kamu jatuh cinta, semakin gilalah kamu.
--> The deeper you fall in love, the crazier you are.

02. Semakin kaya seseorang, semakin mudah dia mendapatkan sesuatu.
--> The richer someone the easier he gets something.

03. Semakin keras kamu bekerja, semakan banyak uang kamu dapat.
--> The harder you work, the more money you get.

04. Semakin giat kamu belajar, akan semakin pandailah kamu.
--> The harder you study, the smarter you will be.

Online English Courses : - Double Comparatives ( the +comparative, the + comparative) (semakin…… semakin…….)

This series of Online English Courses discusses the topic Double Comparative (The comparative the comparative):


A. The comparative the comparative

Examples:
A : ‘What time shall we leave?’
B : ‘The sooner the better.’ ('semakin cepat semakin baik')

A : ‘What size box do you want?’
B : ‘The bigger the better. (semakin besar semakin baik)


Other Examples:
• The warmer the weather, the better I feel.
• The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.

B. The comparative + S + V, the comparative + S + V


• The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.

--> (semakin cepat kita berangkat, semakin cepat kita sampai/tiba)

• The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.

--> (semakin banyak listrik kamu gunakan, akan semakin tinggi rekeningmu)

• The more you have, the more you want.

( semakin banyak yang kau punya, semakin banyak yang kau inginkan)

• The longer he waited, the more impatient he became.
(semakin lama dia menunggu, menjadi semakin tidak sabar dia)



Exercise:
- Translate into English

01. Semakin dalam kamu jatuh cinta, semakin gilalah kamu.
02. Semakin kaya seseorang, semakin mudah dia mendapatkan sesuatu.
03. Semakin keras kamu bekerja, semakan banyak uang kamu dapat.
04. Semakin giat kamu belajar, akan semakin pandailah kamu.

Online English Courses : - The Answer Key of Exercise of "differ from" and "different from"

This series of online English courses contains the answer key of the exercise of using "differ from" and "different from". The questions are in the other page of this site. The answer is signed by the arrow (-->) .

Exercise:

- Correct the following sentences.

01. Susan is different of other woman I know.

--> Susan is different from other woman I know.

or

--> Susan differes from other woman I know .

02. This book different from the book on the table.

--> This book is different from the book on the table.

or

--> This book differs from the book on the table.

03. Lions differ tigers.

--> Lions differ from tigers.

or

--> Lions are different from tigers

04. Soccer is different with rugby.

--> Soccer is different from rugby .

or
--> Soccer differs from rugby.

- Good Vs Well

Good is an ajective. An adjective a word which modifies a noun. Good is used after to be or other linking verbs and before a noun.

Example:

1. His English is good. (not is well) (good after to be is)

('Bahasa Ingrisnya baik'.)

2. My mother is a good woman. (not a well woman) (good before a noun woman)

('Ibuku seorang wanita yang baik. ')

Well is an adverb. An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverbs.

Example:

1. He speaks English well. (not speaks English good) (well modifies verb speaks)

('Dia berbicara bahasa Inggris dengan baik'. )

2. He can play badminton well. (not play badminton good) (well modifies play)

('Dia bisa bermain badminton dengan baik')

- "Because" and "Because of"

A. Because is a conjunction and must be followed by a clasue (Subject + Verb +....)

Example:

1. I did not come to the meeting because I was sick.

Conj. Clause

('Saya tidak datang ke pertemuan itu karena saya sakit')

2. Because John did not have much money, he did not buy a new car.

Conj. Clause

('Karena John tidak punya banyak uang, dia tidak membeli mobil baru')

In example 1 because is a conjunction which is followed by a clause I was sick. I was sick is a clause because it has subject (I) and verb (was).

In example 2 because is also conjuntion which is followed by a clause John did not have much money. John did not have much money is a clause because it has subject (John) and Verb (did not have).

B. Because of is a preposition and must be followed by a noun or noun phrase.

Example:

3. I did not go out because of the bad weather.

Preposition Noun Phrase

('Saya tidak keluar karena cuaca buruk')

4. Because of her mother objection, Sally didn't go to the party.

Prepositin Noun Phrase

('Karena keberatan ibunya/karena ibunya keberatan, Sally tidak pergi ke pesta'.)

In example 3, because of is preposition which is followed by the noun phrase her mother objection.

In example 4, because of is preposition which is followed by the noun phrase her mother objection.

- Complement versus Object

We are usually confused about Object and Complement in an English sentence. Look at the following examples.

1a. The man likes a teacher. (a teacher is an object)

S V O

1b. The man is a teacher. (a teacher is a complement)

S V C

In the sentence 1a. a teacher is the object of the verb likes. An object is thing which completes the transitive verb. It fulfills the question what (for inanimate thing) and whom (for human). In example 1a. we can ask what does he like? The answer is a teacher. A teacher is the object of the word likes.

In the sentence ib. above, the teacher gives explanation to the subject the man. Therefore a teacher is a complement of the subject the man. it is not an object. That is why the pattern is S V C, not S V O like in 1a. We can identify the complement by the statement the man is a teacher and a teacher is a man. The man and a teacher are complementarary in the example 1b. That is why a teacher is a subject complement, or we usually call complement for short.

Complements are usually nouns or adjectives. Complements come after the linking verbs. The linking verbs are as follows:

be (am, is, are , was, were), look (tampak/kelihatan), taste (terasa/rasanya), smell (baunya/berbau), feel (merasa), appear (kelihatan), get (menjadi), become (menjadi), go (menjadi), remain (tetap), sound (kedengarannya), keep (tetap), turn (berubah)

Examples:

A. Complement

1. She is beautiful. (Dia cantik)

2. She looks beautiful. (Dia nampak cantik)

3. This food smells nice. (Makanan ini baunya enak)

4. I am a teacher. (saya guru/Saya adalah seorang guru)

5. Your plan sounds good. (Rencanamu kedengarannya baik)

6. His face turned pale. (Wajahnya berubah pucat)

7. This food tasetes delicious. (Makanan ini rasanya/terasa enak0

8. John becomes angry. (John menjadi marah)

etc.

Note: The underlined words in the examples above are complements

--------------------

B. Object

1. My father reads a novel.

2. She is writing a letter .

3. I love my mother.

4. She bought a car.

5. I met him.

6. He teaches English .

etc.

Note: All the underlined words above are objects

- ( different from ) and ( differ from )

The word "differ" which in Indonesian language means 'berbeda' is a verb and must change forms to agree with the subject. The word "different" which is in Indonesian language means 'berbeda'is an adjective. Therefore we need to be (am, is, are, was, were) whenthe word different is used in a sentence. Both words are followed by the preposition "from" . Therefore the pattern is :

S + V differ(s) + from (berbeda dengan)
S + be + different + from (berbeda dengan)

Remember: The preposition used with differ and different must be "from", not with, of, at etc. although the meaning in Indonesia language is 'dengan'

Study the following examples :

• This book is different from that book. ('Buku ini berbeda dengan buku itu')
• This book differs from that book. ('Buku ini berbeda dengan buku itu')

Exercise: (Answer Keys are available in archive/arsip)

- Correct the following sentences.

01. Susan is different of other woman I know.

______________________________________ .

or

_______________________________________ .

02. This book different from the book on the table.

________________________________________

or
________________________________________

03. Lions differ tigers.

______________________

or
______________________

04. Soccer is different with rugby.

_____________________________ .

or
________________________________.

Online English courses: - The answer Key of the exercises " Rewrite and Correct The Following sentences".

Rewrite and Correct The Following sentences.
(--> )the sign of correction (the Correct Answer)

1. My uncle work in a big office.
--> My uncle works in a big office.

2.That people are the students of Ahmad Dahlan University.
--> Those people are the students of Ahmad Dahlan University.

3. Water are important for our life.
--> Water is important for our life.

4. Was he play badminton three days ago?
--> Did he play badminton three days ago?

5. Umar always takes her wife to the market before he goes to his office.
--> Umar always takes his wife to the market before he goes to his office.

6. Each students of Ahmad Dahlan University must attend the general lecture.
--> Each student of Ahmad Dahlan University must attend the general lecture.

7. My father and me went to Canada two weeks ago.
--> My father and I went to Canada two weeks ago.

8. I came here together with, Andy, John, and she.
--> I came here together with, Andy, John, and her.

9. Does he see several plays when he was in New York?
--> Did he see several plays when he was in New York?

10. One of these very good English books are very expensive.
--> One of these very good English books is very expensive.

- Rewrite and correct the following sentences.

Example:
I buy two book.
I buy two books. (the answer)

1. My uncle work in a big office.
___________________________________________
2.That people are the students of Ahmad Dahlan University.
___________________________________________________________
3. Water are important for our life.
_____________________________________

4. Was he play badminton three days ago?
______________________________________
5. Umar always takes her wife to the market before he goes to his office.
________________________________________________________
6. Each students of Ahmad Dahlan University must attend the general lecture.
____________________________________________________________
7. My father and me went to Canada two weeks ago.
________________________________________________
8. I came here together with, Andy, John, and she.
________________________________________________
9. Does he see several plays when he was in New York?
___________________________________________________
10. One of these very good English books are very expensive.
_________________________________________________________

- GERUND AND GERUND PHRASE (GP)

Gerund is the ing-form verb which functions as a noun. Because Gerund functions as a noun, the poeition of Gerund in a sentence is the same as the position of a noun.

- The position of gerund is :
as a subject, an object, complement and an object of preposition (after prepositions)

- Gerund Phrase is GERUND + OBJECT/COMPLEMENT/ADVERB.

The examples of Gerund are in the following sentences:

1. Reading is a good hobby. (gerund as a subject)
2. My hobby is reading. (gerund as a complement)
3. She likes reading. (gerund as an object)
4. She is interested in reading. (gerund as an object of preposition)

The sentences below contain Gerund Phrase:

1. Reading magazines is a good hobby. (gerund phrase as a subject)

In this sentence Reading magazines is a Gerund Phrase which consists of Reading

(Gerund) + magazines (theobject of the gerund Reading)

2. My hobby is Swimming in the river. (gerund phrase as a complement)

In this sentence Swimming in the river is a gerund phrase which consists of Swimming

(Gerund) + in the river (the adverb of the gerund swimming)

3. She likes being a doctor. (gerund phrase as an object)

In this sentence being a doctor is a gerund phrase which consists of being (gerund) + a doctor (The complementof the gerund being)

4. She is interested in reading magazines. (gerund phrase as an object of preposition)