- Adverbial Clause

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause which functions as an adverb. It modifies the main clause. The subordinating conjunctions which are usually used in this clause are when, because, until, although, since, while, after, before, etc. Look at the examples below:




Examples (the underlined are adverbial clauses):
(a) When I was in Jakarta, I saw several plays.
(b) I saw several plays when I was in Jakarta.
(c) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
(d) He went to bed because he was sleepy.
(e) I came to the meeting although I was busy.
(f) I go to campus after I have breakfast.
(g) I take a bath before I have breakfast.

Exercises:
Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adverb clause. Use the
appropriate subordinating conjunction.

01. She took a bath. She went to campus.
02. She did not come to the meeting. He was sick.
03. The teacher was explaining the English clauses. Someone knocked at the door.
04. She has known him. He was a child.

Exercise: Choose the best answer.

01. Robert: “ …………………….. “
Sarah: “ I love my mother.
A. Who you love ?
B. Who are you love ?
C. Whom love you ?
D. Whom do you love ?

02. “ ………………………………… “
“ John. “
A. Who did see Mary in Detroit ?
B. Who saw Mary in Detroit ?
C. Whom did saw Mary ?
D. Whom Mary see in Detroit ?

03 “ ………………………………….. “
“ My father works in a big company.
A. Where do he work ? C. Where does he work ?
B. Where did he work ? D. Where is he work ?

04. In the sentence The fat woman calls his husband papa, the pattern is ………………
A. S V IO DO
B. S V O A
C. S V O C
D. S V O

05. The pattern S V O A is in the sentence …………
A. He is reading a novel
B. I love honest people
C. He lives near the post office.
D. They are reading a book in the library.

06. “ ……………………… “
“ It costs 5000 dollars”.
A. How much does it cost ?
B. How much is it cost ?
C. How much it costs?
D. How many is it ?

07. At eight o’clock last night, I …………….. .
A. studied B. Study C. am studying D. was studying

08. My father, John, Tuti and ……….want to be able to speak English fluently.
A. I
B. me
C. my
D. mine

09. My father …….. very diligent when he studied in university.
A. were
B. is
C. was
D. did

10. ……. the very beautiful young woman come from Malaysia?
A. Are
B. Does
C. were
D. Do

- Exercise: Write the pattern of the following sentences. Number one is done for you.

01. She is a student. ( S V C )
02. The man in my room gives the woman red flowers. ( ____________ )
03. Your skin feels soft and smooth. ( _____________________ )
04. The telegram surprised all my family. ( ____________________ )
05. A good wife will not make her husband disappointed. ( ___________________ )
06. The next-door neighbor bought a new car two weeks ago. ( __________________ )
07. He is sleeping in my room. ( ________________ )
08. My mother makes her children breakfast every morning.
09. The soup tastes very nice. ( ____________________ )
10. The student studies English seriously. ( _______________________ )

Exercise: Rewrite and correct the following sentences. Number one is done for you.

01. I buy two book.
I buy two books.

02. My uncle work in a big office.
_________________________
03. That people are the students of Ahmad Dahlan University.
_______________________________________________
04. Water are important for our life.
__________________________
05. Was he play badminton three days ago?
__________________________________
06. Umar always takes her wife to the market before he goes to his office.
________________________________________________________
07. Each students of Ahmad Dahlan University must attend the general lecture.
____________________________________________________________
08. The meeting is very bad organized.
____________________________
09. I need an umbrella because it raining.
______________________________
10. Does he see several plays when he was in New York?
___________________________________________
11. That loud music sounds badly to me.
_____________________________

- Post Modifier (post.m) of Noun Phrase:

Post modifier is a word or a group of words which come after the head word of a noun phrase. The types of post modifier are as follows:

- Single words

e.g. the boy here, the man outside, the girl there, etc.
det. H post.m det. H post.m. det. H post.m

- Prepositional phrase (PP)

Prepositional phrases are groups of words which begins with a preposition.
Prepositional phrase can be a preposition + noun or Preposition + noun phrase.

- the common formula of prepositional phrase is as follows:

P.P. = Prep. + N/NP.

PP = Prepositional phrase
Prep. = Preposition
N = Noun
NP = Noun Phrase

The following are prepositions:
in, on, at, for, from, to, under, above, by, with, without, near, after, before. beside, of, besides, etc.

The following are prepositional phrases:
at home, in the house, to school, with my friends, beside my house, etc.

The examples of prepositional phrases as modifiers are as follows:

The students in this class, The books on the table, The windows of my house
det. H Post.m (pp) det. H post.m (PP) det. H post.m (PP)

- Adjective clause (adj.CL)

A clause is a group of words which has a subject and a finite verb.
An adjective clause is a clause which functions as an adjective or a clause which modifies the noun in front of it.

e.g. The man who teaches English, The book which you bought
det. H post.m (adj.Cl) det. H post.m (adj. Cl)

- Present participial Phrase/Ving (pres.p)

e.g. The man standing there, the student sleeping in my room.
Det. H Post.m. (pres.p) det H Post.m. (pres.p)

- Past participial Phrase/V.3 (past.P)

e.g. The play written by Shakespeare , The car made in Japan
det. H post.m (past.p) det H post. M (past.p)

- To Infinitive Phrase

e.g. the opportunity to get a job
det. H post. M (to inf.phr)

Pre Modifier of a Noun Phrase

Words which come before a head word of a noun phrase are called Pre Modifier. The kinds of pre modifiers are as follows:

1. Determiner (det). : all, the, a , this, that, these, those, some, any, many, much, a lot of, little, a little, few, a few, several, each, my, your, his, her, our, their, etc.

e.g. a book , all students, your house, much money, etc.
det. H det. H det. H det H

2. Number (num.): one, two, three, four, … , first, second, third, fourth, ….

e.g. two days, three ministers, the first person, the second woman, etc.
num. H Num. H det. num. H det. num. H

3. Adjective (adj.) including adjective phrase such as very beautiful, extremely important, fairly good etc.)

e.g. good books , those two very good pictures, the best student etc.

adj. H det. num. Adj. H det. adj. H

4. present participle /Ving (pres.p)

e.g. waiting rooms, no smoking area, two modern washing machine, etc.
pres. p H det. pres. p H num. adj. pres. p H

5. Past participle/V3 ((past.p) including adverb + past participle such as badly damaged, well written, seriously injured, etc.)

e.g. a written test, a badly managed program, spoken language, etc.
det. past.p H det. past p. H past. p H

6. Noun (N)

e.g. book cover, two good book covers, family life, etc.
N H num. adj. N H N H

Noun Phrase (NP)

- Phrase is a group of words without subject and verb.
- Noun phrase is a phrase (a group of words without subject and verb) which has a noun as a head (core ) word.
- Words which come before a head word are called Pre Modifier and words which comes after a head word are called Post Modifier.

- The formula of a noun phrase is:

Pre-Modifier — H — Post Modifier
E
A
D

- A group of words in this case means more than one word, namely a head word with at least one pre or post modifier

Examples:

Books, rice, and money are nouns while two books, a book, much money, some rice,
a beautiful large garden and the students in the class are Noun Phrases.


a book
Pre M H
NP

a very good book on the table
Pre M H Post M
NP

- Sentence Pattern

1. S V
- Noun/Noun Phrase (Intransitive)
- Pronoun
- Noun Equivalent

Examples:
- We breathe.
- All fish canswim
- All people will die
S V

2. S V C
- Noun/Noun Phrase ( be ) - Adjective
- Pronoun am, is, are, - Noun
- Noun Equivalent was were - adverb (Place)

Examples:
- They are here.
- The student is diligent.
- I am a teacher.
S V C


3. S V A
- Noun/Noun Phrase (intransitive) - time
- Pronoun - place
- Noun Equivalent - manner

Examples :
- The horse runs fast.
- The post office opens at seven.
- The lectures live near the campus.
S V A

4. S V O (A)
- Noun/Noun Phrase (Transitive) - Noun/Noun Phrase - time
- Pronoun - Pronoun - place
- Noun Equivalent - Noun Equivalent - manner

Examples:
- My brother is writing a letter.
- The woman ikes flowers.
- I Bought a book yesterday.
S V O (A)


5. S V O C
- Noun/Noun Phrase (Transitive) - Noun/Noun Phrase - Noun/Noun Phr.
- Pronoun - Pronoun - Adjective
- Noun Equivalent - Noun Equivalen

Examples:
- I name my daughter Nisrina.
- She makes me jealous
- We elected him our president
S V O C


6. S V I.O. D.O.
- Noun/Noun Phrase (Transitive) - Noun (usually - Noun/Noun Phrase
- Pronoun - person/living thing)
- Noun Equivalent - Pronoun

Examples:
- My wife will make me hot coffee.
- You must send your mother a letter.
- Sally has given John red flowers.
S V I.O. D.O.

- The types of English Question

There are two types of question:

1. Yes/No Question
2. Wh- Question

1 Yes/No Question

- Yes/No question is the question which begins with auxiliary.
- The answer of yes/no question is yes or no.

Examples:
- Do you speak English? (Yes, I do/No, I don’t)
- Does she work ? (Yes, she does/No, she doesn't
- Is he at home? (Yes, she is/No she is not)
- Can I borrow your book? (Yes, you can/No you can't)
- Have you finished teaching? (Yes, I have/No, I haven't)
- Did he come here last night. (Yes he did/No I didn't)
- Was she studying when you came? (Yes She was/No, she wasn't)
- Will you go to the market tomorrow? (Yes, I will/No I will not)


2. Wh- Question

Wh-question is a question which begins with a question word ( who, what, when where, how, how old, how many, how much, what time, how often, etc.). There two types of Wh- Question:

1. Subject Question
2. Non Subject Question

Subject question is the question about the subject of the sentence. Non Subject question is the question about object, adverb, and so on but not the subject of the sentence. To know the difference, look at the examples below:

a. His wife goes to the market every morning.
1 2 3
1. Who goes to the market every morning? (who = His wife (subject question) )
2. Where does his wife go every morning? (where = to the market )
3. When does his wife go to the market? (when = every morning)

b. He is reading a novel.
4 5
4. Who is reading a novel? (who = he)
5. What is he reading ? (what = a novel)

c. Edi met Tuti yesterday.
6 7 8
6. Who met Tuti yesterday ? (who = Edi)
7. Whom did Edi meet yesterday ? (whom = Tuti)
8. When did Edi meet Tuti ? (when = yesterday)

d. She will go to Jakarta.
9 10
9. Who will go to Jakarta? ( who = she)
10. Where will she go ? (where = to Jakarta)

- am, is, are, was, were, do, does, or did.

Fill the blanks with am, is, are, was, were, do, does, or did.
(The key is available below).

01. My parents ….. in Jakarta now.
02. ….. you have any stamps ? I need one now.
03. John …… not always study at night.
04. They ……. not play tennis last week.
05. Computer …… so popular in all level of people now.
06. When I came into his room, He ….. not there.
07. Where …… you last night ?
08. …… Edi and Sam swim once a week?
09. I …… not hungry now but last night I ……. very hungry.
10. Where ….. he go yesterday?
11. ……. your mother sweep the floor every morning?
12. I ….. not here last week.
13. The students ………. playing football now.
14. What ……… he doing when you entered his room?
15. We …….. discussing about the situation of our country at 11 o’clock last night.
16. Why …… you angry when she gave you something ?
17. Look! That man ……… trying to open the door of your car.
18. ……… the sun rise in the west ?
19. …… he a diligent student when he studied in senior high school?
20. His parents ………. not know that he works part time besides studying in a university.





1. are 2. do 3. does 4. did 5. is 6. was 7. were 8. do 9. am....was 10. did

11. does 12. was 13. are 14. was 15. were 16. were 17. is 18.does 19.was 20.do

- Exercises of Adjective Clauses

Fill in the balks with who, whom, which, or whose.
(the key is available below)

01. He is the student ______ always arrives late.
02. Saudi Arabia is a country ______ exports oil all over the world.
03. Give it to the man ______ you already know.
04. Do you know the doctor ________ children I teach?
05. I like novels _______ deal with philosophical questions.
06. Everyone ______ took the tour was impressed by the paintings.
07. He was the only American ________ I saw at the conference.
08. The girl ______ father teaches English studies in UAD.
09. I come from the country ________ history goes back thousands of years.
10. I liked the composition _______ you wrote.
11. The book _______ you read is good.
12. The man ________ works in a bank is my uncle.
13. I met the woman ________ husband teaches English in UAD.
14. The boy ______ you teach is my son.
15. Do you know the man ________ is standing there?





Key: 1. who 2. which 3. whom 4. whose 5. which 6. who 7. whom 8. whose

9. whose 10. which 11. which 12. who 13. whose 14. whom 15. who

- Adjective Clause Using "whose"

The relative pronoun whose is used to relate the adjective clause which contains possessive adjective pronoun. Look at the examples below:

1. The girl can speak Japanese language.
Her father teachis English.
-> The girl whose father teaches English can speak Japanese language

2. The man teaches English.
His wife teaches Mathematics.
-> The man whose wife teaches Mathematics teaches English.


3. The woman can speak English fluently.
Her son is my friend.
-> The woman whose son is my friend can speak English fluently.

4. I study in a university.
Its students come from many countries.
-> I study in a university whose students come from many countries.